Update: The disk drives in these machines use a variation of a connection for SATA. The power and data are combined into a single plug. The cable then runs to a back plane off the main board. You cannot use standard SATA connectors on these drives. In short, this prevents using another known-good machine to run the image.
I have also tried updating to the newest kernel, but I see the same behavior with the failure to recognize the hard disk. I’ll post a solution if I find it.